CALDERON–CARDONA v. DEM. PEOPLE’S REP. OF KOREA Cite as 723 F.Supp.2d 441 (D.Puerto Rico 2010) from other nations targeting Israeli citizens and Jews was an important strategy employed by North Korea to keep Washington’s focus on these terrorist groups and not on North Korea. (Exhibit No. 3, ¶ 19) As a matter of its official policy, North Korea provided material support, training, resources, weapons and safe haven to the JRA and PFLP during the period relevant to this case. Defendants ran roughly 30 terrorist training camps from 1968–1988 within North Korea’s borders; those camps specialized in terrorist and guerilla warfare training. These training camps serviced in excess of 10,000 terrorists, including members of the JRA and the PFLP, and provided various courses lasting anywhere from three to 18 months.14 (Exhibit No. 4, fn. 12) (Trial Transcript, Dec. 2, 2009, p. 88, ln. 9–14) Defendants were also directly involved in training terrorists in other places around the world, including in the Beka’a Valley. (Trial Transcript, Dec. 2, 2009, p. 88, ln. 9–17) At the camps, North Korean military or intelligence service employees served as the principal trainers. (Trial Transcript, Dec. 2, 2009, p. 90, ln. 5–17) By supporting and financing these terrorist groups, North Korea advanced what it perceived as its foreign policy goals and carried out commitments it had to its own economic and political patrons such as the USSR and China. The Lod Airport Attack was facilitated by the support, training and encouragement that North Korea provided to the PFLP and the JRA. C. Testimony of Professor Rohan Gunaratna Plaintiffs also presented both affidavit and trial testimony by Dr. Rohan Gunaratna, Professor of Security Studies at the S. 14. Daryl M. Plunk, ‘‘North Korea: Exporting Terrorism?’’ Asian Studies Backgrounder # 74, Heritage Foundation, Feb. 25, 1988, 453 Rajaratnam School of International Studies and Director of the International Centre for Political Violence and Terrorism Research (ICPVTR) at the Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Prof. Gunaratna has studied terrorist groups for over 25 years, focusing, in particular, on the phenomenon of Asian terror. He holds a doctorate in International Relations, University of St. Andrews in the United Kingdom (1996–1999), as well as a master’s degree in International Peace Studies from the University of Notre Dame. (Exhibit No. 7) Among other appointments, Prof. Gunaratna has been a member of the Advisory Board of the European Homeland Security Association since 2006 and a member of the Steering Committee, George Washington University, Homeland Security Policy Institute, since 2004. He is also the founder and member of the Board of Governors, Council for Asian Terrorism Research (CATR). (Exhibit No. 7) Rather than reiterate many of the findings already presented by Profs. Rubin and Bechtol above, the Court will focus on trial and affidavit testimony presented by Prof. Gunaratna which further highlights defendants’ role in the attack. Prof. Gunaratna stated in his affidavit testimony that the JRA faction in North Korea was heavily controlled by the North Korean government, and that in fact, JRA members acted as agents of that government. (Exhibit No. 8, ¶ 26) One of the methods that defendants used to control the JRA and other terrorist groups was consistently to provide them with a regular flow of material support and resources. In fact, when the nine members of the JRA hijacked the Japanese airplane to North Korea in 1970, the North Korean governwww.heritage.org/research/asiaandthepacific/ asb74.cfm. (Exhibit 4, fn. 12)