454 723 FEDERAL SUPPLEMENT, 2d SERIES ment ‘‘treated them [the JRA hijackers] like state guests.’’ (Trial Transcript, Dec. 2, 2009, p. 118, ln. 18–23) The North Korean government lavished the JRA terrorists with celebrity status,15 and provided them with refuge in North Korea along with such luxuries as a Mercedes–Benz vehicle and servants to care for their needs. (Trial Transcript, Dec. 2, 2009, p. 119, ln. 1–3) These nine JRA members later received ideological and military training from North Korea; many of them eventually officially became North Korean agents and engaged in operations directly on behalf of the North Korean government. (Trial Transcript, Dec. 2, 2009, p. 119, ln. 4–9) In his affidavit testimony, Prof. Gunaratna specifically cited the research of Joseph S. Bermudez, another expert on North Korean affairs, and (citing Mr. Bermudez) explained that defendants in the mid– 1970s maintained six to ten training facilities in North Korean territory and numerous overseas training and advisory missions. (Exhibit No. 8, ¶ 19) Long-term training courses held in North Korean facilities were located in the ‘‘vicinity of P’yongyang (Wonhung-ri), Yongbyon, Sangwon, Haeju, Namp’o, and Wonsun’’ and lasted between 12–24 months,16 and North Korea also sponsored three to sixmonth short-term training courses which were conducted overseas. (Id.) During the period between 1969 to 1974, the JRA and the PFLP were among the various terrorist groups trained in those facilities by defendants. (Id.) The training camps managed by North Korea primarily taught guerilla warfare and ‘‘terroristing,’’ or attacks on civilian infrastructure and 15. These nine agents were known affectionately as the ‘‘Nine Samurai.’’ (Trial Transcript, Dec. 2, 2009, p. 118, ln. 25) 16. Patterns of Global Terrorism, U.S. State Department, Washington, D.C., March 1989, p. 44 (Exhibit No. 8, fn. 18) personnel. (Trial Transcript, Dec. 2, 2009, p. 127, ln. 5–16) As Prof. Gunaratna explained at trial, ‘‘TTT as part of the terrorist training, the North Korean government agents imparted training in assassinations, in bombings, in sabotage, in hijackings, in kidnappings, in hostage takings’’ so that North Korea would have proxies skilled in perpetrating terrorist acts to further its interests.17 (Id. at ln. 5–19) North Korean instructors also traveled from North Korea to Lebanon to provide training to JRA members in the terrorist camps located in the Beka’a Valley. In addition to providing training, defendants provided JRA and PFLP members with weapons and financial and other assistance, including cover for operational matters. (Id.) Although North Korea generally attempted to conceal its sponsorship of the JRA and other terrorist groups, the evidence revealing such sponsorship is nevertheless well documented. To quote the United States State Department’s Patterns of Global Terrorism, ‘‘Japanese police believe that Yasuhiro Shibata, a JRA member arrested in Tokyo in May, was ‘run’ by North Korean intelligence agents.’’ (Exhibit No. 8, ¶ 20) Shibata was using the identity of a former North Korean resident of Japan who had immigrated to North Korea in 1972. (Id.) Japanese authorities did arrest a number of JRA members who traveled from North Korea to other countries and then re-entered Japan. Based on debriefings, the seizure of documents and intelligence of the Japanese police, North Korea actively provided forged, adapted and fraudulently obtained 17. The instruction provided by defendants in those facilities included advanced command and staff skills, communications, intelligence gathering, marksmanship, map reading, ambush and counter-ambush techniques, explosives, sabotage, propaganda and psychological warfare, assassination, kidnapping and medical care. (Exhibit No. 8, fn. 12 and 21)