446 723 FEDERAL SUPPLEMENT, 2d SERIES Pablo was wounded in the Lod Airport Attack; for him and his family the attack became a watershed experience that negatively affected the quality of his life in significant ways, including severe psychological injuries which grievously disabled him and persisted for his entire life. (Trial Transcript, Dec. 3, 2009, p. 109, ln. 18– 25) During interrogations with Israeli authorities, Kozo admitted that his fellow attackers and he were members of the JRA and that the attack had been carried out in conjunction with the PFLP. The PFLP also publicly claimed responsibility for the attack; this claim was widely reported in the international press. Kozo was tried and convicted in an Israeli court for his involvement in the Lod Airport Attack. He received a life sentence. Kozo was released from jail in 1985 as part of a prisoner release, and is believed to be living in Lebanon. (Trial Transcript, Dec. 2, 2009, p. 116, ln. 5 and p. 117, ln. 12) Carmelo’s widow, Eladia Cardona–Rosario (‘‘Eladia’’) and his ten children (eight with Eladia and two from a prior marriage) have suffered greatly from the loss of their loving spouse and father. Pablo and his family have suffered from his psychological injuries and chronic deep depression caused by the Lod Airport Attack and Pablo’s consequent failure to be able to resume his prior, functioning lifestyle, including his inability to maintain employment. The plaintiffs have established defendants’ liability for the Lod Airport Attack primarily through the testimony of three expert witnesses: Professor Barry Rubin (‘‘Prof. Rubin’’), Professor Bruce Bechtol (‘‘Prof. Bechtol’’), and Professor Rohan Gunaratna (‘‘Prof. Gunaratna’’). Two eyewitnesses to the Lod Airport Attack, Ze’ev Sarig and Claude Chanan Zeitoun, presented affidavit testimony (Exhibit Nos. 1 and 2); Mr. Sarig also testi- fied before the Court at trial. (Trial Transcript, Dec. 2, 2009, pp. 9–34) Each of the expert witnesses and two fact witnesses also submitted affidavit testimony as exhibits to plaintiffs’ Pretrial Memorandum that was submitted prior to the trial. (Docket No. 23) (See also Exhibit Nos. 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8) Professors Rubin, Bechtol, and Gunaratna offered documentary evidence, including government reports, publications, and other information, in addition to their affidavit testimony and oral testimony at trial. Although some of plaintiffs’ evidence is cumulative, given the level of detail and insight the witnesses provided regarding the support by defendants to PFLP and JRA terrorism generally, and the Lod Airport Attack specifically, the Court will quote at length from their expert testimony. A. Testimony Rubin of Professor Barry Plaintiffs presented affidavit and trial testimony by Prof. Rubin, the director and a member of the faculty of the Global Research in International Affairs Center (GLORIA) at the Interdisciplinary University (IDC), in Herzliya, Israel. Prof. Rubin is also a senior fellow at the IDC’s International Policy Institute for Counter– Terrorism. He holds a doctorate degree from Georgetown University, a master’s degree from Rutgers University, and a bachelor’s degree from Richmond College. Prof. Rubin’s affidavit and trial testimony were based upon his academic studies, research, teaching and publishing over the course of his many years as a director of IDC, a senior fellow at a counter-terrorism institute, and a lecturer at numerous academic institutions. During the course of his professional career and academic research, Prof. Rubin has obtained information from interviews with political leaders