KIM v. DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF KOREA Cite as 87 F.Supp.3d 286 (D.D.C. 2015) Iran, 699 F.Supp.2d 136, 155 (D.D.C.2010); Gates v. Syrian Arab Republic, 580 F.Supp.2d 53, 64–69 (D.D.C.2008); and Murphy v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 740 F.Supp.2d 51, 72 (D.D.C.2010)). The only issue that remains is the proper assessment of damages. Under the FSIA, ‘‘damages may include economic damages, solatium, pain and suffering [collectively, compensatory damages], and punitive damages.’’ 28 U.S.C. § 1605A(c).1 I. COMPENSATORY DAMAGES [4, 5] In order to be awarded compensatory damages, ‘‘a plaintiff must prove that the projected consequences [of the defendant’s actions] are ‘reasonably certain’ (i.e. more likely than not) to occur, [or that actual consequences have occurred,] and must prove the amount of damages by a ‘reasonable estimate’ consistent with [the D.C. Circuit’s] application of the American rule on damages.’’ Hill v. Republic of Iraq, 328 F.3d 680, 681 (D.C.Cir.2003). Damages are assessed through findings as to each plaintiff, ‘‘including the injuries [he] suffered TTT and [his] citizenship (as is relevant to [his] entitlement to recover under section 1605A of the FSIA).’’ Roth, 78 F.Supp.3d 379, 389, 2015 WL 349208 at *4. Han Kim is a resident of St. Charles, Missouri and was born on October 23, 1976 in Jinhae, South Korea. Decl. of Han Kim, ECF No. 17 ¶¶ 1–2. He is the youngest child of Reverend Kim and Jung Soon Kim. Id. ¶ 3. When Reverend Kim was abducted in 2000, Han Kim was a permanent resident of the United States, and later became a U.S. citizen in 2003. Id. ¶ 4. Han Kim had a loving relationship 1. A plaintiff may establish the necessary proof for damages through affidavits or live testimony. See Weinstein v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 175 F.Supp.2d 13, 21 (D.D.C.2001) (finding that affidavits can form a sufficient evidentia- 289 with his father throughout his childhood and recalls his father as a unifying force in the family at the untimely death of Han Kim’s mother. Id. ¶¶ 6–12. At the age of 16, Han Kim travelled to the United States where he graduated from high school and college. Id. ¶¶ 14–16. Han Kim’s sister Dani told him about his father’s abduction a few days after Reverend Kim’s kidnapping. Id. ¶ 24. In ‘‘[t]he days following the report that [his] father had been violently kidnapped TTT [he] was seized with apprehension and fears about his [father’s] wellbeing and fate.’’ Id. ¶ 27. Being so far away made it ‘‘especially painful and frustrating.’’ Id. Han Kim found himself ‘‘unable to sleep’’ and unable to ‘‘stop thinking about what had happened to [his] father.’’ Id. The abduction occurred while Han Kim was still in college, and made it difficult for him to focus on his studies. Id. ¶ 28. Not knowing for certain what has happened to his father has caused him ‘‘suffering and grief.’’ Id. ¶ 30. It is evident from Han Kim’s declaration that he has been deeply affected by his father’s kidnapping, and presumed torture and death. Id. ¶ 35–45. Yong Seok Kim is a resident of Newark, California and a U.S. citizen. Decl. of Yong Seok Kim, ECF No. 18 ¶ 1. Reverend Kim was Yong Kim’s older brother by seven years. Id. ¶ 5. Yong Kim was very close to his older brother and viewed him as a father figure. Id. ¶ 9. Reverend Kim provided meaningful advice to Yong Kim throughout Reverend Kim’s life. Id. ¶ 11. After Yong Kim moved to the United States in 1985, Reverend Kim visited him two to three times a year, and they maintained a close relationship. Id. ¶ 12. ry basis under the FSIA). Here, the Kims have provided various affidavits supporting proposed findings of fact to establish damages. No damages hearing will be necessary.