40 950 FEDERAL SUPPLEMENT, 2d SERIES forced labor, and lack of food and medicine, among other abuses. Torture and other cruel and inhuman treatment appears widespread and can occur throughout the process of incarceration in North Korea[.] North Korea: Harsher Policies against Border–Crossers, Dkt. No. 35–1 at 8. In particular, the report includes accounts from former prisoners who state that the guards would make [prisoners] sit down and stand up repeatedly until [they] collapsed, or forced [them] to hang onto cell bars or bang [their] heads onto cell barsTTTT Guards beat people all the time—they used sticks or belts. They also slapped or kicked inmates for disobedience. Id. Similarly, the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the DPRK released a report which described what it called DPRK’s record of torture and inhuman treatment, arbitrary detention and use of prison camps. Pls.’ Supp. Submission of New Auth., Ex. 1, Human Rights Council, Rep. of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the DPRK, 22d Sess., U.N. Doc. A/HRC/22/57 (Feb. 1, 2013). This report stated that, in 2007, there were reports that DPRK authorities engaged in ‘‘torture, public executions, and persecution of political dissidents.’’ Id., Annex 1 ¶ 22. In 2008, the Secretary–General stated that reports from DPRK ‘‘continue to indicate trends of torture, inhumane conditions of detention, public execution, illtreatment of refugees’’ and the Special Rapporteur stated that the harsh conditions imposed by the criminal justice system and related detention give rise to a plethora of abuses, including torture and cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment. The abuses are ubiquitous, and include degrading treatment of deceased persons. Id., Annex 1 ¶ 23. The UN Special Rapporteur cites 2011 reports which state that DPRK correctional officers beat inmates and that torture was occurring at various camps in the DPRK. Id., Annex 1 ¶¶ 25– 26. In addition, ‘‘[t]he Secretary–General noted in 2012 that some reports also indicate the existence of prison camps where torture and execution are widespread.’’ Id., Annex 1 ¶ 27. The report identifies the political labor camps and states that the Special Rapporteur has consistently expressed concern about ‘‘unreasonable and abusive punishments’’ and ‘‘torture and detention without due process of law’’ and the ‘‘harsh conditions’’ in the camps where ‘‘no clothing is provided’’ and inmates are ‘‘expected to work long hours performing manual labour.’’ Id., Annex 1 ¶¶ 48–51, 54. Neither report provides any first-hand knowledge of Reverend Kim’s mistreatment. The reports do not detail the frequency or duration of the acts of torture at the DPRK prison camps. Plaintiffs cite an excerpt from Melanie Kirkpatrick’s 2012 book Escape from North Korea that states that Reverend Kim was tortured and murdered by the North Koreans. Pls.’ Supp. Submission of New Authority, Dkt. No. 55, Ex. 1 at 150– 51. The excerpt states that Reverend Kim was transported to a political prison camp and ‘‘[h]e appears to have been beaten and starved to death after refusing to renounce his religion.’’ Id. at 152. Kirkpatrick also states that ‘‘according to [Reverend Kim’s] family, his remains are believed to be in People’s Army Camp 91, a garrison on the outskirts of Pyongyang.’’ Id. (footnote omitted). Kirkpatrick reports as the source for these details the plaintiffs’ amended complaint and the filings docketed in this case. See Melanie Kirkpatrick, Escape from North Korea 329 n. 20 (2012). In any event, the Kirkpatrick excerpt does not detail the nature or severity of the torture, or the frequency or duration of