MASSIE v. GOVT. OF DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE’S OF KOREA Cite as 592 F.Supp.2d 57 (D.D.C. 2008) 20. During the eleven months of his captivity, McClarren was beaten, tortured, and subjected to constant mental and psychological terror on a daily basis. 21. McClarren sustained severe and permanent physical injuries, including arthritis in his back and shoulders, deteriorating disks, and severe pain in his feet and ankles. Because of the pain in his feet and ankles he has difficulty wearing shoes. See id. at 61–63. 22. McClarren suffers from PTSD, disability and disfigurement. He still gets frightened at random and harmless occurrences, such as a door suddenly slamming, and cannot sleep in a totally dark room. See Tr. 27, April 21, 2008. McClarren is short-tempered and easily agitated. Id. at 24–26. He struggled through alcoholism for twenty years after returning from North Korea. Id. at 25. The change in his personality caused by the traumatic events associated with his captivity contributed significantly to two failed marriages. See id. at 60. 23. McClarren eventually received Veterans Affairs benefits to help him get counseling for his alcoholism and to treat his many physical and mental ailments. Id. at 24–26, 58, 60–63. 24. After his release from captivity, McClarren received the Purple Heart and the Prisoner of War Medal. Id. at 52–54. Commander Lloyd Bucher 25. Prior to his death on January 28, 2004, Cdr. Bucher was a United States citizen and a domiciliary of the State of California. 26. During his captivity, Cdr. Bucher was severely beaten and tortured and subjected to constant mental and psychological terror. 27. Cdr. Bucher sustained severe and permanent physical injuries which ulti- mately shortened his life. April 22, 2008. 71 See Tr. 108, 28. Cdr. Bucher suffered from PTSD, disability, and disfigurement and was classified as one hundred percent disabled by the Veterans Administration. See Tr. 104, April 22, 2008. After his release, Cdr. Bucher exhibited a changed personality and was extremely short-tempered with his wife and children. He was tense and nervous and would visibly shake after being startled from something as simple as a breeze slamming a door shut. At night, a bump of his bed or noises would disturb him and cause night sweats; he often could not go back to sleep. See id. at 99– 100, 103. 29. The unlawful hijacking of the USS Pueblo also had an adverse impact on Cdr. Bucher’s naval career by foreclosing his otherwise likely promotion to at least the rank of Captain in the U.S. Navy. His career was effectively ended by North Korea’s illegal seizure of the USS Pueblo, and he was forced to retire from the Navy earlier than he had planned. See id. at 107–08. 30. During his eleven months of captivity, Cdr. Bucher lost about 50 pounds of weight due to stress and inadequate nourishment. Id. at 118. In addition, he suffered extreme mental anguish caused by the forcible surrender of his ship and crew and the ensuing severe, inhumane beatings suffered by his crew, which he was helpless to stop. See Tr. 104–05, April 21, 2008; Tr. 127, April 22, 2008. 31. Cdr. Bucher received the Purple Heart (with one gold star) and the Prisoner of War Medal. Tr. 92–93, April 22, 2008. Rose Bucher 32. Rose Bucher is the widow of Cdr. Bucher and is the duly appointed Personal Representative of his Estate.